Chemical Review and Letters

Abstract Three expired antibiotic drugs namely, ampiclox, ciprofloxacin, and ampicillin were studied at low concentrations on the corrosion inhibition of mild steel (MS) in 0.1 M HCl medium using weight loss and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. Subsequently, the molecular structures of the antibiotic inhibitors were subjected to molecular dynamic (MD) simulation using Material Studio 8.0 software to have insight into their dynamic binding energy onto the Fe (110) surface in an acidic medium. The results showed that the weight loss and corrosion rate decrease with an increase in the inhibitor concentration, while the inhibition efficiency (%) and surface coverage increase with the increase in the inhibitor concentration respectively. The maximum inhibition efficiency of 97.72 % was attained at 0.009M concentration for ciprofloxacin followed by ampiclox and ampicillin. The SEM analysis of the MS with the expired ciprofloxacin (0.009 M) revealed a soother surface through the formation of a protective film that prevented the corrosion attack which confirms the highest inhibition efficiency. The MD simulation showed that the ciprofloxacin has the highest binding energy of -474.582 kcal/mol, followed by -248.448 kcal/mol for ampicillin and -234.955 kcal/mol for ampiclox respectively. Hence, the ciprofloxacin with the more negative magnitude of the binding energy was predicted to exhibit stronger chemisorption interaction onto the Fe (110) metal surface when compared with ampicillin and ampiclox. The findings in this research reveal good agreement between the experimental and theoretical results in studying the corrosion inhibition of the studied antibiotic drugs.

Abstract In the current study, the Michael addition reaction of nitromethane to chalcones were studied. 4-benzeloxy benzaldehyde was synthesized from 4-hydroxybenzaldehde and benzyl bromide, which was then converted to chalcone derivatives by reaction with substituted acetophenones, and finally nitromethane was added to give Michael adducts. The structures of the synthesized compounds were characterized by FTIT, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopy. All the products were screened for antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus G (+ve) and Escherichia coli G (-ve) microorganisms and antifungal activity against candida albicans besides their antioxidant activity.

Abstract Psychiatric adverse effects of cannabis are mainly due to psychotic symptoms. In addition, it's one of the most used drugs by patients with severe mental disorders. Cannabis dependence must therefore be treated concurrently with the mental disorder it often coexists with. Cannabis dependence is treated with motivational strategies and cognitive-behavioral techniques. These techniques have proven superior to the techniques used in control groups, despite low adherence to treatment and frequent relapses. Data from clinical trials are scarce for pharmacological interventions. Other useful drugs have been investigated for mental and addictive disorders, often with negative results; on the other hand, there are drugs that specifically act on cannabinoids. The most successful trials have been conducted with cannabinoid antagonists, phytocannabinoid extracts, nabilone and, mainly, dronabinol. Few clinical trials exist regarding the treatment of comorbid mental disorders. A typical antipsychotics for mania, and anticonvulsants for maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder are recommended by observational studies and published case reports in these patients. In animal experiments, the cannabinoid system is suggested as a possible therapeutic target for treating depression and anxiety symptoms in patients with this dual condition. To treat psychosis and dependence, both approaches must be employed. In this population, cognitive-behavioral therapy and motivational strategies have proved effective. Despite little research on cannabis consumption, clinical cases indicate that cannabis abstinence is an important factor in the progression of psychosis and that most clinicians choose atypical antipsychotics for the management of these conditions.

Abstract The fabrication, performance, and utilization of perchlorate coated-wire electrode (perchlorate-CWE) based on dixanthylinum dye concerning the response towards perchlorate ions was defined. The recommended electrode exhibits a Nernstian response for perchlorate by a wide concentrations range of 1.0×10−6 to 6.1×10−2 M, with a slope of -57.4 mV in comparison to other anions. The limit of detection is 5.0×10−7 M. It has a quick response time of ~4 seconds. The recommended electrode shows adequately good discriminating ability towards perchlorate ions in comparison to other anions and it is profitably applied to the direct determination of perchlorate ions in water samples.

Abstract In this present study, raw water lily leaves (RWL) powder was prepared and used as low cost, efficient and environmental friendly adsorbent for the removal of malachite green (MG) from aqueous solution. The adsorbent’s surface functional group, net neutral charge and morphology were analysed by FT-IR, Point of Zero charge and Scanning Electron (SEM) spectroscopic techniques which confirmed the effective adsorption of MG dyes onto the RWL adsorbent surface. Batch adsorption technique was employed under various optimized conditions including contact time, adsorbent dosage, adsorbate concentration, pH and temperature respectively with an adsorption capacity of 216.66mg/g and percentage adsorption of 99.5. The physical properties: moisture content (13.49%), ash content (9.81%), organic matter (90.19%), bulk density (0.263g/cm3), pore volume (1.66cm3), pH (5.74) of the adsorbent were obtained using standard methods. The kinetic data were best fitted by pseudo-second order in all the models tested under different operating temperatures. The adsorption isotherms were estimated, established and found to fit into Freundlich isotherm as compared to other models tested. Thermodynamics of the adsorption was found to be spontaneous and feasible with values of Gibb’s free energy (∆G) ranging between -9.481 to -9.880kJ/mol, exothermic with enthalpy (∆H) of -11.75kJ/mol and a decrease in randomness of the adsorption process during the transfer of molecules between the adsorbent and adsorbates with entropy (∆S) of -6.33kJ/mol. This study confirmed that RWL could be employed as a low cost and environmental friendly adsorbent for the removal of toxic dyes such as Malachite Green from aqueous solution

Abstract Mechanochemical and solvent-based complexes of Mn(II) with cefixime and cefuroxime were synthesized and characterized by melting point and conductivity measurements, elemental analysis, FTIR spectral studies, and electronic spectral analysis. The Mn(II) complexes with cefixime and cefuroxime synthesized mechanochemically were both ash colored, while Mn(II) cefixime and cefuroxime complexes synthesized through solvent-based method were milky and ash respectively. The molar conductivity values (14.9 – 16.6 Scm2mol-1) indicate non-electrolytic nature of the complexes. The FTIR revealed that the ligands were coordinated to the Mn(II) ion through the carboxylate ions (C=O). A six coordinate octahedral geometry has been proposed for the complexes. The result of the antibacterial assay of the synthesized complexes of Mn(II) with cefuroxime generally showed better activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) than the free ligand cefuroxime. Similarly, the Mn(II) complex of cefuroxime synthesized by mechanochemical method shows higher activity against the aforementioned organisms as compared to the solution-based complex which might be as a result of solvent effect.

Abstract 1,8-dioxooctahydroxanthene derivatives have received considerable attention due to their valuable biological and medicinal properties such as anticoagulant, antispasmodic, diuretic, and anti-cancer activities. 1,8-dioxooctahydroxanthene derivatives have strong relaxing activity on blood vessels, cardiac muscles, and smooth muscles. The present study reports the easy synthesis of 1,8-dioxooctahydroxanthene derivatives using aldehydes and dimedon in the presence of nano-TiO2/ CNT as an efficient catalyst.

Abstract The current study focuses on synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activity of cu (II) with N-(3-nitrobenzylidene)-4-cholorobenzenamine Schiff base ligand. Coordination compound for cu (II) with N-(3n nitrobenzylidene)-4-cholorobenzenamine Schiff base ligand was derived from 3 nitro benzaldehyd an para choloro anilin Ligand and its copper complex were characterized using FT-IR, HNMR and CNMR spectra. Finally, the antimicrobial effect of the complex on E. coli was investigated by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) tests.FT-IR, HNMR and CNMR spectra showed the success of production new complex. Minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration studies showed the enhanced antibacterial effect of new complex on E.coli. The results showed that new complex has numerous antimicrobial effect on E.coli.