Chemical Review and Letters

Abstract Phenanthridin-6(5H)-ones and 6H-benzo[c]chromen-6-ones are important tricyclic heterocycles found in several natural products and biologically active compounds. Besides classical synthetic methods, recently, many exciting advances in the synthesis of these classes of compounds have been reported. One of the most appealing strategies to obtain these heterocyclic motifs consists the direct lactamization/lactonization of 2-arylanilines/2-arylphenols using CO2 as C1 source. In this review, recent advances involving the synthesis of phenanthridin-6(5H)-one and 6H-benzo[c]chromen-6-one derivatives through the lactamization and lactonization of 2-arylanilines and 2-arylphenols, respectively, with CO2 are summarized. The review covers the period from April 2016 to June 2024.

Abstract The beneficial biological effects of Reishi mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum, are primarily due to its polysaccharides containing β-glucans. However, the rigid chemical structure of fruiting bodies in G. lucidum makes the extraction of polysaccharides more difficult compared to other edible mushrooms. Although there are a number of studies reporting various methods for extracting β-glucans from G. lucidum fruiting bodies, data on the evaluation of the effect of method of extraction on the chemical profile of β-glucans in terms of the content and the efficiency of extraction are lacking. The present study sought to evaluate 15 different basic chemical and analytical techniques, including ten conventional methods, three optimized conventional methods, and two advanced methods (enzymatic and supercritical CO2 methods) for extracting polysaccharides from G. lucidum fruiting bodies. The use of the conventional methods resulted in low amounts of glucans and extraction efficiency. Among the optimized conventional methods, the alkaline extraction method produced a high amount of β-glucan (9.30% dw) and a high extraction efficiency of about 11% dw (p ≤ 0.05). The use of β-glucanase led to the highest total glucan (16.3% dw) and β-glucan (14.73% dw) contents (p ≤ 0.05), with 10.98% dw extraction efficiency. The highest extraction efficiency (14.12% dw) was also obtained from the supercritical CO2 method (p ≤ 0.05) with 11.31% dw β-glucan. In conclusion, the most effective methods for extracting β-glucans from G. lucidum fruiting bodies include supercritical CO2 extraction, enzymatic, and alkaline methods. These findings may provide tools for strategic decision-making regarding the choice of extraction method.

Abstract Solubility and micelle formation of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide CTAB and

cetylpyridinium chloride CPC surfactants in aqueous solution have been studied by

tensiometry, conductometry, and dynamic light scattering (DLS) in vicinity of

Krafft point. Parameters such as the critical micelle concentration (cmc), Krafft

temperature (Tk), average micelle aggregation number (n) and phase diagram of

surfactants in water were determined and thermodynamic micellization process was

discussed in light of enthalpy and entropy contributions. It is shown that unlike

CTAB surfactants which exhibit incubation time independent micellar behavior,

CPC surfactants show two solubility curves around Krafft temperature leading to

complex temperature conductivity concentration plots. The change of solubility and

cmc with temperature were investigated according to the mass action

thermodynamic model and permit to extract free energies of micelles formation and

to draw partial phase diagram for each surfactant. Dynamic light scattering

techniques shows that according to the incubation conditions, different population

of micelles can be released in the vicinity of Krafft temperature.

Abstract A simple and selective spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of nickel(II) using 5-(2-bromo-5-methoxybenzylidene)-thiazolidine-2,4-dione (BMBT) as a chromogenic reagent for‌ming a yellow brown complex. The possibility of using BMBT for photometric determination of nickel(II) has been studied. The nickel(II) complex is formed in the pH range 7.1-8.9. To achieve the best formation and extraction of the complex, a BMBT concentration of 5×10-4 mol/l is recommended. The study tested several solvents, including water (as the base medium), methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, chloroform, hexane, dichloromethane, and acetonitrile. Among these, methanol demonstrated the most favorable outcomes, making it the best-suited solvent for the experiment.

The maximum analytical signal for the complexation of nickel with BMBT is observed at 482 nm. The shift of the absorption peak to the long wavelength side - the bathochromic shift in this case is 146 nm. The molar absorption coefficient is 1.75×104. The ratio of components in the complex is Ni: BMBT =1:2. It has been established that Ni2+ is a complexing form of nickel and displaces one hydrogen atom from one BMBT molecule. The structure of the complex was studied by thermogravimetry and IR spectroscopy.

The study showed that when BMBT is used as a chromogenic reagent, colored complexes are also formed by various metal ions, including Fe(III), Cu(II), Mo(VI), Se(IV), Pt(II), Mn(II), Cd(II), Zn(II), Pb(II) and Pd(II). The accuracy of nickel determination in the presence of these metal ions increases significantly in the presence of masking agents or by changing the pH of the solution.Obedience to the basic law of light absorption is observed at a nicke concentration of 0.3-13 μg / ml. The interfering influence of extraneous ions is eliminated with the help of masking substances, changing the pH of the medium or using extraction. Based on the results of a spectrophotometric study of the nickel(II) complex with BMBT, methods have been developed for the determination of nickel in various objects.

Abstract Heterocyclic azo dye namely methyl (E)-4-hydroxy-3-(pyridin-3-yldiazenyl)benzoate (MHPDB) has been synthesized from 3-aminopyridine which serves as the diazonium salt and coupling with methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate component to form the dye. The palladium complex was synthesized by reacting two equivalent of MHPDB ligand with an equivalent of palladium chloride. The synthesized compounds were characterized by H-NMR, IR, UV-Vis spectroscopies and elemental analysis. The MHPDB ligand is bidentate based on infrared data and the palladium complex is square planer. The UV−Vis spectral demonstrate that the heterocyclic dye MHPDB shows red shift in basic medium comparison with the acidic medium where the backbone of dye owing better electron delocalization for heterocyclic system in basic medium. The synthesized compounds exhibited potential anticancer activity against A375 cell line. The IC50 of palladium complex was 66.44 g/mL against A375 cell line while its IC50 was 137.0 g/mL against HdFn health cell. The synthesized commands showed very good staining for ovary, uterus and intestine in mice.

Abstract CCurrently, scientists are researching producing high-quality cement at the expense of various mineral additives without increasing the volume of clinker production. In this article mainly to increase the cement brand, improve the physical-mechanical properties of concrete and increase its strength, study and select the sources of raw materials, which are mineral and watch waste products with pozzolanic properties, as a result of physical-mechanical and chemical processing of raw materials. Also,cement attention is being paid to various studies on increasing the strength of mixtures, resistance to aggressive factors and reducing the cost of cement. To increase the amount of cement required for the construction industry and reduce the cost of clinker production, using various mineral additives. Method is one of the solutions to solve the problems in the construction industry. Also, in this article, the importance of various minerals added to cement was explained in more detail.

Abstract The synthesis and bioactivity assessment of 2-hydroxy-5-(naphthalene-1-yldiazenyl) benzaldehyde (HNDB) on lung cancer and esophageal cancer were investigated. The study aimed to evaluate the biological efficiency of HNDB through various applications and measurements. Previous research on HNDB's efficacy against breast lesions from early lactation human milk and esophageal cancer using the HBL-100 and SKGT-4 cell lines, respectively, was reviewed. HNDB demonstrated significant inhibitory effects on breast and esophageal cancer cells, with optimal concentrations of 500 µg/ml and 250 µg/ml, respectively. Moreover, its effectiveness against lung carcinoma using the A549 cell line was explored, indicating an optimal concentration of 250 µg/ml. The study employed MTT assays to determine cytotoxicity and inhibition rates, revealing promising anti-proliferative activity of HNDB across various cancer cell lines. Furthermore, response curves illustrated concentration-dependent inhibition, with IC50 values ranging from 148.2 to 261.6 µg/ml. Box-plot correlations highlighted concentration-dependent inhibition patterns, emphasizing the significance of optimal concentrations in achieving maximal inhibitory effects. Overall, the findings underscore the potential of HNDB as a novel anti-cancer agent against lung and esophageal malignancies, warranting further exploration for therapeutic applications.

Abstract This article examines the diverse impacts of Cannabis, emphasizing its economic, environmental, and industrial aspects. In the realm of patents, we analyze the distribution of Cannabis-related patents, focusing on pharmaceutical applications with 73 patents. The global Cannabis market, both legal and illegal, is valued at $344.4 billion, with Africa contributing $37.7 billion, highlighting the industry's economic importance. Environmentally, hemp shows great promise for phytoremediation and CO2 sequestration, absorbing up to 22 tons of CO2 per hectare. The article also discusses factors affecting hemp growth, such as photoperiod sensitivity and optimal temperatures between 16°C and 27°C. Additionally, it explores the socio-economic benefits and the potential advantages of Cannabis legalization, including revenue generation and cost savings for various global locations.

Abstract Azo compound derivatives, which are organic molecules with a double bond between two nitrogen atoms, have been extensively studied in scientific research. The predominant technique for producing these compounds entails the reaction between an aromatic amine and a diazonium salt. The synthesis usually employs starting materials such as salicylic acid, 3-ASA, 4-ASA, 5-ASA, and its derivatives. The synthesis process initiates by transforming the amine group of the initial substance into a diazonium salt utilizing of sodium nitrite and hydrochloric acid. The subsequent stage involves a coupling process between the diazonium salt and salicylic acid or its derivatives. This paper specifically examines creating a diverse array of azo compounds, emphasizing their multiple uses as synthetic materials, artificial acceptors, molecular ligands, and agrochemicals. These chemicals demonstrate substantial biological action, namely in terms of their anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and antidiabetic activities.

Abstract A simple, highly sensitive, and selective fluorescent method was developed to detect adrenaline, also known as epinephrine (EP). Adrenaline is a crucial hormone, neurotransmitter, and a substance used in drugs and doping. It utilized Fe3O4-APTS (3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane) nanoparticles to enhance the fluorescence of MNPs. Characterization of the synthesized MNPs was conducted through transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Fe3O4 -APTS demonstrated the highest extraction rates of adrenaline from aqueous solutions, synthetic urine, and human urine, with extraction ratios of 99%,96%, and 87% respectively. The detection limit (LOD) and the quantitative limit (LOQ) of adrenaline were determined using fluorescence spectroscopy at room temperature and were found to be 0.038871 μg/L and 0.11779 μg/L. A linear relationship between fluorescence intensity and adrenaline concentrations was established in the range of 4 to 12 μg mL−1. In addition, the experiment achieved approximately 90% disintegration of the bond between Fe3O4-APTS and adrenaline in an aqueous solution. It also achieved 84% disintegration of adrenaline in human urine. Furthermore, the successful application of this method to synthetic and human urine samples highlights its potential for diagnostic purposes

Abstract There are some experimental data on the dissociation temperature of SO2 on different Cu surfaces, but the structural information of the transition state is limited to Cu(100), and for other surfaces only adsorption data in molecular form are available. In this work, we will systematically investigate all three copper surface orientations of Cu(100), Cu(110), and Cu(111). Data show that the most exothermic adsorption process of SO2 occurs on the Cu(110) due to its more open surface compared to the other copper surfaces. In contrast, SO2 is more readily dissociated to SO + O and S + 2O on the Cu(111) surface, owing of the higher coordination number of Cu atoms on this surface. The first-step barrier energy for the dissociation of SO2 to SO + O is +0.93 eV on this surface, while the second-step barrier energy for the dissociation of SO to S + O is +0.74 eV. For SO2 dissociation on Cu(110), the energies for both steps are endothermic (+0.3 and +0.17 eV, respectively), and the backward barrier energies for the two steps are lower than their forward barrier energies (+0.73 eV compared to +1.03 eV, and +0.94 eV compared to +1.11 eV). The location of the transition state (TS) indicates that the structure of the TS for SO2 dissociation on the Cu(100) and Cu(111) surfaces more closely resembles the products, while the TS structure for SO on all Cu surfaces is more similar to the reactants.

Abstract Laurus nobilis L. is one of the most interesting medicinal plants for treating different diseases. The present study was undertaken to determine the volatile profile and biological properties of Laurus nobilis L. collected from different Moroccan geographical zones. The plants investigated contained considerable amounts of antioxidants. The phytochemistry analysis showed a high variability of bioactive compounds found in both samples under study with abundance of eucalyptol (39.12%), α-terpinyl acetate (15.83%), methyleugenol (7.77%), and α-terpineol (4.74%) for sample collected from Sfrou, whereas (1R,4aR,7R,8aR)-7-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl) (18.62%), and methyleugenol (15.84%) were the major components detected from sample originated from Akchour and did not possess hepatotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and carcinogenicity. Staphylococcus aureus was the most sensitive bacteria and registered a diameter of inhibition of 30 mm for EO from Akchour and 25 from Sefrou with a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1/640. Both samples under study showed moderate antifungal activity against C. albicans and S. cerevisiae.

Abstract In this study, a spectrophotometric method for complexing Ni(II) ions with 4,5-dihydroxy-3,6-dinitroso-naphthalene-2,7-disulfoxic acid (HR) as an organic analytical reagent was developed, and the optimal conditions were as follows: λmax = 575 nm, pH = 9.15, universal buffer, HR = 0.05% relative to TNi2+ = 50.0 μg/25 ml and HR = 1.2 ml. The area of obedience to the Bouguer–Lambert–Beer law was determined to be 5.0–55.0 μg/25 ml. Absorption spectra were studied: Sandell’s sensitivity (S) was 0.009174 μg/cm2, and the contrast was ∆ = 65 nm (HR = 510 nm). The composition of the complex and the mechanism of its formation were studied via the equilibrium shift method, the Isomolar series method and Asmus' straight-line method. The molar ratio of the complex was Ni2+:HR=1:2. The molar absorptivities coefficient (εreal=23585), the formation equilibrium constant (Kequil.=1.62•10-8) of the complex formed by Ni(II) with HR, the stability of the complex constant using Babko’s dilution method (β = 1.30∙1023, lgβ = 23.11), the confidence interval of the deviation from the mean value (∆X = 0.227) and the lower limit of detection (Qmin.= 0.6004 μg/25 ml) were determined. The results of the graduated graph were mathematically processed via the method of small squares, and a linear mathematical equation was developed: Yi = 0.0014 + 0.0041Xi. The effects of side ions were studied during the determination of nickel ions. The suggested spectrophotometric method was applied in the analysis of model mixtures and industrial alloys based on aluminum, and the obtained results were metrologically evaluated. In this case, the relative standard deviation (Sr) did not exceed 0.0237.