[1] F. Bachir, M. Eddouks, M. Arahou, M. Fekhaoui, Origin, Early History, Cultivation, and Characteristics of the Traditional Varieties of Moroccan Cannabis sativa L., Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research (2021). https://doi.org/10.1089/can.2021.0020.
[2] P. Tongkasee, D. Srithat, P. Sriyasak, A. Jitcharerntham, T. Piwgern, J. Khoontawad, W. Insuwan, Formulation and Phytochemical Profile of a Product Prototype Infused with Cannabis sativa Leaves, Trends in Sciences 20 (2023) 5835–5835. https://doi.org/10.48048/tis.2023.5835.
[3] S. Aazza, Application of Multivariate Optimization for Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidants Extraction from Moroccan Cannabis sativa Waste, Journal of Chemistry 2021 (2021) 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9738656.
[4] P.-A. Chouvy, K. Afsahi, Hashish revival in Morocco, International Journal of Drug Policy 25 (2014) 416–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2014.01.001.
[5] P.-A. Chouvy, Why the concept of terroir matters for drug cannabis production, GeoJournal 88 (2022) 89–106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-022-10591-x.
[6] G.B. Rasera, A. Ohara, R.J.S. De Castro, Innovative and emerging applications of cannabis in food and beverage products: From an illicit drug to a potential ingredient for health promotion, Trends in Food Science & Technology 115 (2021) 31–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2021.06.035.
[7] Z.K. Punja, Emerging diseases of Cannabis sativa and sustainable management, Pest Management Science 77 (2021) 3857–3870. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.6307.
[8] R.C. Lynch, D. Vergara, S. Tittes, K. White, C.J. Schwartz, M.J. Gibbs, T.C. Ruthenburg, K. deCesare, D.P. Land, N.C. Kane, Genomic and Chemical Diversity in Cannabis, Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 35 (2016) 349–363. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352689.2016.1265363.
[9] H. Peng, F. Shahidi, Cannabis and Cannabis Edibles: A Review, J Agric Food Chem 69 (2021) 1751–1774. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07472.
[10] G.G. Nahas, P. Zeidenberg, C. Lefebure, Kif in Morocco, International Journal of the Addictions 10 (1975) 977–993. https://doi.org/10.3109/10826087509028355.
[11] T. Blickman, Le Maroc et le cannabis: Réduction, endiguement ou acceptation, Dossier Sur Les Politiques de Drogues (2017) 1–28.
[12] D. Richard, J.-L. Senon, Le cannabis dans l’histoire, in: Presses Universitaires de France, Paris cedex 14, 2010: pp. 28–44. https://www.cairn.info/le-cannabis--9782130584599-p-28.htm.
[13] B. Halioua, A. Astruc, D. Bouhassira, Histoire du cannabis médical, La Presse Médicale Formation 1 (2020) 436–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lpmfor.2020.09.018.
[14] R. Mechoulam, N.K. McCallum, S. Burstein, Recent advances in the chemistry and biochemistry of cannabis, Chem. Rev. 76 (1976) 75–112. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr60299a002.
[15] R. Mechoulam, L.O. Hanuš, R. Pertwee, A.C. Howlett, Early phytocannabinoid chemistry to endocannabinoids and beyond, Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 15 (2014) 757–764. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3811.
[16] An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161 (2009) 105–121. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x.
[17] An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181 (2016) 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12385.
[18] B. Thomas, M. ElSohly, The Botany of Cannabis sativa L., in: 2016: pp. 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-804646-3.00001-1.
[19] World Drug Report, (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.18.XI.9), 2018., (n.d.). https://www.unodc.org/wdr2018/prelaunch/WDR18_Booklet_1_EXSUM.pdf (accessed September 4, 2023).
[20] Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019, Lancet 396 (2020) 1223–1249. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30752-2.
[21] WHO, UN Commission on Narcotic Drugs reclassifies cannabis to recognize its therapeutic uses, (2020). https://www.who.int/news/item/04-12-2020-un-commission-on-narcotic-drugs-reclassifies-cannabis-to-recognize-its-therapeutic-uses (accessed July 9, 2023).
[22] National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Health and Medicine Division, Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice, Committee on the Health Effects of Marijuana: An Evidence Review and Research Agenda, The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research, National Academies Press (US), Washington (DC), 2017. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK423845/ (accessed September 4, 2023).
[23] A.F. Carvalho, B. Stubbs, D. Vancampfort, S. Kloiber, M. Maes, J. Firth, P.A. Kurdyak, D.J. Stein, J. Rehm, A. Koyanagi, Cannabis use and suicide attempts among 86,254 adolescents aged 12-15 years from 21 low- and middle-income countries, Eur Psychiatry 56 (2019) 8–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.10.006.
[24] Legality of cannabis, Wikipedia (2023). https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legality_of_cannabis&oldid=1165338237 (accessed July 14, 2023).
[25] A. Koop, Timeline: Cannabis Legislation in the U.S., Visual Capitalist (2023). https://www.visualcapitalist.com/us-cannabis-legislation-timeline-2023/ (accessed July 14, 2023).
[26] M. Nygaard-Christensen, V.A. Frank, Cannabis Regulation in Europe: Country Report Denmark, (2019).
[27] Council Directive 2002/53/EC of 13 June 2002 on the common catalogue of varieties of agricultural plant species, 2002. http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2002/53/oj/eng (accessed September 4, 2023).
[28] Regulation (EU) 2021/2115 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 2 December 2021 establishing rules on support for strategic plans to be drawn up by Member States under the common agricultural policy (CAP Strategic Plans) and financed by the European Agricultural Guarantee Fund (EAGF) and by the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD) and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1305/2013 and (EU) No 1307/2013, 2021. http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2021/2115/oj/eng (accessed September 4, 2023).
[29] ISSAfrica.org, Morocco’s new cannabis production law needs faster implementation, ISS Africa (2022). https://issafrica.org/iss-today/moroccos-new-cannabis-production-law-needs-faster-implementation (accessed September 4, 2023).
[30] H. Stambouli, A.E. Bouri, M.A. Bellimam, T. Bouayoun, N.E. Karni, Cultivation of Cannabis sativa L. in northern Morocco, Bulletin on Narcotics (2005).
[31] L. Bérard, P. Marchenay, Lieux, temps et preuves, Terrain. Anthropologie & sciences humaines (1995) 153–164. https://doi.org/10.4000/terrain.3128.
[32] Ce que veut dire la légalisation du cannabis au Maroc, Technical Sciences (2023).
[33] S.R. Radosevich, J.S. Holt, C. Ghersa, Weed Ecology: Implications for Management, John Wiley & Sons, 1997.
[34] S. Citterio, A. Santagostino, P. Fumagalli, N. Prato, P. Ranalli, S. Sgorbati, Heavy metal tolerance and accumulation of Cd, Cr and Ni by Cannabis sativa L., Plant and Soil 256 (2003) 243–252. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026113905129.
[35] K. Magnusson, B. Svennerstedt, Influence of Temperature on the Water Retting Process of Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Cultivated Under Swedish Climate Conditions, Journal of Industrial Hemp 12 (2007) 3–17. https://doi.org/10.1300/J237v12n02_02.
[36] Coffman, C.B. and Gentner, W.A. (1975) Cannabinoid Profile and Elemental Uptake of Cannabis sativa L. as Influenced by Soil Characteristics. Agronomy Journal, 67, 491-497. - References - Scientific Research Publishing, (n.d.). https://www.scirp.org/(S(lz5mqp453edsnp55rrgjct55.))/reference/referencespapers.aspx?referenceid=2525875 (accessed September 4, 2023).
[37] A. Haney, B.B. Kutscheid, Quantitative variation in the chemical constituents of marihuana from stands of naturalizedCannabis sativa L. in East-Central Illinois, Econ Bot 27 (1973) 193–203. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02872989.
[38] B.M. Association, Therapeutic Uses of Cannabis, CRC Press, London, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003078418.
[39] K. Sacilik, R. Öztürk, R. Keskin, Some Physical Properties of Hemp Seed, Biosystems Engineering 86 (2003) 191–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1537-5110(03)00130-2.
[40] J.C. Callaway, A More Reliable Evaluation of Hemp THC Levels is Necessary and Possible, Journal of Industrial Hemp 13 (2008) 117–144. https://doi.org/10.1080/15377880802391142.
[41] J.D. House, J. Neufeld, G. Leson, Evaluating the quality of protein from hemp seed (Cannabis sativa L.) products through the use of the protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score method, J Agric Food Chem 58 (2010) 11801–11807. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf102636b.
[42] T. Sengloung, L. Kaveeta, W. Nanakorn, Effect of Sowing Date on Growth and Development of Thai Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.), Agriculture and Natural Resources 43 (2009) 423–431.
[43] H. Mahler, Moderne Methoden zur Anzucht von Cannabispflanzen - Berechnung des Er- trags von Indoor-Plantagen, (2006).
[44] D.J. Potter, Cannabis Horticulture, in: R. Pertwee (Ed.), Handbook of Cannabis, Oxford University Press, 2014: p. 0. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199662685.003.0004.
[45] I.F. Garcia Tejero, V.H. Duran Zuazo, R. Perez-Alvarez, A. Hernandez, S. Casano, M. Moron, J.L. Muriel-Fernandez, Impact of Plant Density and Irrigation on Yield of Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) in a Mediterranean Semi-arid Environment, Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 16 (2014) 887–895.
[46] B. Murnion, Medicinal cannabis, Aust Prescr 38 (2015) 212–215. https://doi.org/10.18773/austprescr.2015.072.
[47] E. Small, D. Marcus, J. Janick, A. Whipkey, Hemp: a new crop with new uses for North America., in: 2002. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Hemp%3A-a-new-crop-with-new-uses-for-North-America.-Small-Marcus/1fa436c8300708c6dc3fad6adee68d676c8601f1 (accessed September 5, 2023).
[48] S. Allegret, L. Arnaud, P. Bouloc, Hemp: industrial production and uses, Cabi, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781845937935.0000 (accessed September 5, 2023).
[49] K. Bhavani, Performance evaluation of various natural agro fibres in carpet making and their costing, AJHS 10 (2015) 296–300. https://doi.org/10.15740/HAS/AJHS/10.2/296-300.
[50] S. Amaducci, H.-J. Dr. Gusovius, Hemp - Cultivation, Extraction and Processing, in: Industrial Applications of Natural Fibres: Structure, Properties and Technical Applications, 2010: pp. 109–134. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470660324.ch5.
[51] The Great Book of Hemp | Book by Rowan Robinson | Official Publisher Page | Simon & Schuster, (n.d.). https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/The-Great-Book-of-Hemp/Rowan-Robinson/9780892815418 (accessed September 5, 2023).
[52] Environmental benefits of hemp, (n.d.). https://eap.mcgill.ca/CPH_3.htm (accessed September 5, 2023).
[53] A. Shahzad, Hemp fiber and its composites - A review, Journal of Composite Materials - J COMPOS MATER 46 (2012) 973–986. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998311413623.
[54] B. Moujalled, A.O. Yacine, S. Moissette, M. Bart, C. Lanos, D. Samri, Experimental and numerical evaluation of the hygrothermal performance of a hemp lime concrete building: A long term case study, Building and Environment 136 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.03.025.
[55] Animals | Free Full-Text | Physical Characterization of Ten Hemp Varieties to Use as Animal Bedding Material, (n.d.). https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/13/2/284 (accessed September 5, 2023).
[56] A.M. Parvez, J.D. Lewis, M.T. Afzal, Potential of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) for bioenergy production in Canada: Status, challenges and outlook, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 141 (2021) 110784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.110784.
[57] A.E. Odieka, G.U. Obuzor, O.O. Oyedeji, M. Gondwe, Y.S. Hosu, A.O. Oyedeji, The Medicinal Natural Products of Cannabis sativa Linn.: A Review, Molecules 27 (2022) 1689. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27051689.
[58] C.R. Vogl, H. Mölleken, G. Lissek-Wolf, A. Surböck, J. Kobert, Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) as a Resource for Green Cosmetics: Yield of Seeds and Fatty Acids Composition of 20 Varieties under the Growing Conditions of Organic Farming in Austria, Journal of Industrial Hemp 9 (2004) 51–68. https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/6929/ (accessed September 5, 2023).
[59] E. Small, Evolution and Classification of Cannabis sativa (Marijuana, Hemp) in Relation to Human Utilization, Botanical Review 81 (2015) 189–294. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12229-015-9157-3.
[60] M. Neijat, N. Gakhar, J. Neufeld, J.D. House, Performance, egg quality, and blood plasma chemistry of laying hens fed hempseed and hempseed oil, Poult Sci 93 (2014) 2827–2840. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2014-03936.
[61] D.W. Williams, ed., Industrial Hemp as a Modern Commodity Crop, American Society of Agronomy Crop Science Society of America Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, USA, 2019. https://doi.org/10.2134/industrialhemp.
[62] K. Tang, P.C. Struik, X. Yin, D. Calzolari, S. Musio, C. Thouminot, M. Bjelková, V. Stramkale, G. Magagnini, S. Amaducci, A comprehensive study of planting density and nitrogen fertilization effect on dual-purpose hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) cultivation, Industrial Crops and Products 107 (2017) 427–438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.06.033.
[63] Annual Reports/Rapports annuels, Manitoba Ag Diversification Centres (2018). https://mbdiversificationcentres.ca/annual-reports-2/ (accessed September 5, 2023).
[64] EUPVP - COMMON CATALOGUE - Varieties of agricultural plant and vegetable species, (n.d.). https://ec.europa.eu/food/plant-variety-portal/cat_legal.xhtml (accessed September 4, 2023).
[65] Industrial hemp response to nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilization, (n.d.). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316176877_Industrial_hemp_response_to_nitrogen_phosphorus_and_potassium_fertilization (accessed September 5, 2023).
[66] I. Bócsa, M. Karus, The cultivation of hemp: botany, varieties, cultivation and harvesting, Hemptech, Sebastopol, California, 1998.
[67] V. Di Bari, P. Campi, R. Colucci, M. Mastrorilli, Potential productivity of fibre hemp in southern Europe, Euphytica 140 (2004) 25–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-004-4751-1.
[68] S. Amaducci, D. Scordia, F.H. Liu, Q. Zhang, H. Guo, G. Testa, S.L. Cosentino, Key cultivation techniques for hemp in Europe and China, Industrial Crops and Products 68 (2015) 2–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.06.041.
[69] M. Soković, J. Glamočlija, P.D. Marin, D. Brkić, L.J.L.D. van Griensven, Antibacterial Effects of the Essential Oils of Commonly Consumed Medicinal Herbs Using an In Vitro Model, Molecules 15 (2010) 7532–7546. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15117532.
[70] Cannabis and Cannabinoids – Research Forensic Library, (n.d.). https://forensiclibrary.org/cannabis (accessed September 3, 2023).
[71] N. Happyana, S. Agnolet, R. Muntendam, A. Van Dam, B. Schneider, O. Kayser, Analysis of cannabinoids in laser-microdissected trichomes of medicinal Cannabis sativa using LCMS and cryogenic NMR, Phytochemistry 87 (2013) 51–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.11.001.
[72] C.M. Andre, J.-F. Hausman, G. Guerriero, Cannabis sativa: The Plant of the Thousand and One Molecules, Frontiers in Plant Science 7 (2016). https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2016.00019 (accessed July 21, 2023).
[73] M.A. Elsohly, D. Slade, Chemical constituents of marijuana: the complex mixture of natural cannabinoids, Life Sci 78 (2005) 539–548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2005.09.011.
[74] F. Borrelli, I. Fasolino, B. Romano, R. Capasso, F. Maiello, D. Coppola, P. Orlando, G. Battista, E. Pagano, V. Di Marzo, A.A. Izzo, Beneficial effect of the non-psychotropic plant cannabinoid cannabigerol on experimental inflammatory bowel disease, Biochem Pharmacol 85 (2013) 1306–1316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2013.01.017.
[75] Chemistry and Analysis of Phytocannabinoids and Other Cannabis Constituents | SpringerLink, (n.d.). https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-59259-947-9_2 (accessed September 5, 2023).
[76] I.C.W. Arts, P.C.H. Hollman, Polyphenols and disease risk in epidemiologic studies, Am J Clin Nutr 81 (2005) 317S-325S. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/81.1.317S.
[77] J. Gertsch, R.G. Pertwee, V. Di Marzo, Phytocannabinoids beyond the Cannabis plant – do they exist?, Br J Pharmacol 160 (2010) 523–529. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00745.x.
[78] Scientific Opinion on the safety of hemp (Cannabis genus) for use as animal feed | EFSA, (2011). https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/2011 (accessed September 5, 2023).
[79] Scientific Opinion on the risks for human health related to the presence of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in milk and other food of animal origin | EFSA, (2015). https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/4141 (accessed September 5, 2023).
[80] P. Ranalli, Advances in Hemp Research, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1999. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781498705820.
[81] J.C. Callaway, Hempseed as a nutritional resource: An overview, Euphytica 140 (2004) 65–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-004-4811-6.
[82] I. Iványi, Z. Izsáki, EFFECT OF NUTRIENT SUPPLY ON QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF HEMPSEED, (2010).
[83] J. Fernández-Ruiz, O. Sagredo, M.R. Pazos, C. García, R. Pertwee, R. Mechoulam, J. Martínez-Orgado, Cannabidiol for neurodegenerative disorders: important new clinical applications for this phytocannabinoid?, Br J Clin Pharmacol 75 (2013) 323–333. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04341.x.
[84] T. Hussain, G. Jeena, T. Pitakbut, N. Vasilev, O. Kayser, Cannabis sativa research trends, challenges, and new-age perspectives, iScience 24 (2021) 103391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2021.103391.
[85] R. Cook-Deegan, A. Niehaus, After Myriad: Genetic Testing in the Wake of Recent Supreme Court Decisions about Gene Patents, Curr Genet Med Rep 2 (2014) 223–241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40142-014-0055-5.
[86] I. Flores-Sanchez, A. Ramos-Valdivia, A review from patents inspired by the genus Cannabis, Phytochemistry Reviews 16 (2017) 1–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-016-9485-x.
[87] R.J. Roseberg, V. Jeliazkov (Zheljazkov), S. Angima, Soil, Seedbed Preparation and Seeding for Hemp, (2019).
[88] E. Lynn, Drug-related deaths and deaths among people who use drugs in Ireland, 2008-2017., Drugnet Ireland Issue 72, Winter 2020 (2020) 1–5.
[89] I. Adesina, A. Bhowmik, H. Sharma, A. Shahbazi, A Review on the Current State of Knowledge of Growing Conditions, Agronomic Soil Health Practices and Utilities of Hemp in the United States, Agriculture 10 (2020) 129. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10040129.
[90] Fields of Green For ALL, Cannabis: Forced crop eradication in South Africa, IDPC (2016). https://idpc.net/publications/2016/01/cannabis-forced-crop-eradication-in-south-africa (accessed September 14, 2023).
[91] P.-A. Chouvy, L.R. Laniel, Agricultural drug economies: cause or alternative to intra-state conflicts?, Crime Law Soc Change 48 (2007) 133–150. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-007-9085-1.
[92] AIDS and Rights Alliance for Southern Africa (ARASA), “Don’t treat us as outsiders” - Drug policy and the lived experiences of people who use drugs in Southern Africa, IDPC (2019). https://idpc.net/publications/2019/07/don-t-treat-us-as-outsiders (accessed September 14, 2023).
[93] The African Cannabis Report | Cannabis Markets, Prohibition Partners (2019). https://prohibitionpartners.com/reports/the-african-cannabis-report/ (accessed September 14, 2023).
