Chemical Review and Letters

The influence of pH and temperature on the alterations in the structural, optical, electronic, and photocatalytic behavior of TiO2 powder with simultaneous addition of Fe2+ and Fe3+

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

Candra Purnawan 1, 2
Endang Tri Wahyuni 1
Indriana Kartini 1
Suherman Suherman 1

1 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Gadjah Mada University, Sleman, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

2 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia.

https://doi.org/10.22034/crl.2026.561838.1739
Abstract
The simultaneous incorporation of Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ ions using co-precipitation methods with variation in pH and temperature has modified the structural, optical, electronic, magnetic, and photocatalytic activity of TiO2 powder. The characterization of photocatalyst composites had been carried out using spectrophotometry Raman, XRD, SAA, DRS, XPS, and VSM. The higher the pH of the synthesis has caused a decrease in magnetic properties, TiO2 crystal composition, crystal size, and band gap, but increase surface area. Meanwhile, the higher temperature synthesis (110 oC) has caused a decrease in magnetic properties, TiO2 crystal composition, surface area, but increase crystal size, crystallinity, and band gap. Photocatalyst composites synthesized with higher pH and lower reaction temperature have shown greater photocatalytic activity.

Graphical Abstract

The influence of pH and temperature on the alterations in the structural, optical, electronic, and photocatalytic behavior of TiO2 powder with simultaneous addition of Fe2+ and Fe3+

Keywords

TiO₂ powder
Fe2+ and Fe3+
pH
Temperature
structural
optical
electronic
and magnetic Properties
Photocatalytic

Subjects

Chemical Review and Letters
Volume 9, Issue 1 - Serial Number 1
January and February 2026
Pages 179-191

  • Receive Date 24 November 2025
  • Revise Date 27 January 2026
  • Accept Date 28 January 2026

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