Extraction and modification of cellulose from peanut shells and cornstalks and for use as adsorbents for removal of lead

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

1 Pure and applied chemistry, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria

2 Petroleum Chemistry, University of Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria.

3 Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Maiduguri, Borno State

Abstract

The requirement for novel adsorbents from inexpensive sources, directs this research towards innovation of new adsorbent materials through extracting and modifying cellulose fibres from peanut shells and corn stalk. The processes involved delignification, alkaline hydrolysis, acetylation of pure cellulose and the adsorption of Lead Pb2+. The adsorbents obtained are pure celluloses of peanut shells (PSC), Corn stalk (CSC) and Acetyled Celluloses of Peanut Shells (PSCA) and Corn Stalk (CSCA). The Structural and functional properties were analyzed by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, FTIR and Atomic Absorption Spectrometer, AAS. The four adsorbents all exhibited high removal percentage of Lead from the solutions. However, acetyled Cellulose of peanut shells exhibited the highest adsorptive capacity of 397.5 mg/g with final Lead (Pb) concentration of 0.125 mg/L, the removal of Lead from solution amounted to 99.3% as compared to the other adsorbents. This research proved the efficiency of agro waste cellulose acetate for use as novel adsorbents through the Lead Adsorption. An extensive exploration in researches involving biodegradable waste materials is required to utilize this source and control environmental pollution.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

[1] Kurush A.S. and Sajad P (2021) Biodegradable film of black mulberry pulp                        pectin/chlorophyll of black mulberry leaf encapsulated         with        carboxymethylcellulose/silica nanoparticles: Investigation of        physicochemical and            antimicrobial properties. Materials            Chemistry and Physics, 267: 124580.
[2] Bharthare, P., Shrivastava, P., Singh, P. & Ttiwari A. (2014). Peanut shell as         renewable energy source and their utility in production of ethanol. International Journal of Advanced Research. 2(4), 1-12
[3] Unagolla J.M., & Adikary S.U. (2015). Adsortion Characteristics of cadmium and Lead Heavy Metals into Locally Synthesized Chitosan Bipolymer. Tropical Agricultural Research, 26(2), 395-401.
[4] Masenda, E. (2004). Groundnut Shells”, Mushroom Growers,            5, 21-122.
[5] Daud, Z., Hatta, M.Z.M., Kassim, A.S.M., Awang H. & Aripin, A.M. (2013). Analysis of the Chemical Composition and Fiber Morphology Structure of Corn Stalk. Australian Journal of Basic Applied Sciences, 7(9), 401-405.
[6] Raabe,J., Fonesca, A., Bufalino, F., Ribeiro, C., Martins, M.A., Marconcini, J.M., Mendes, L.M. & Tonoli, G.H.D.  (2015). Biocomposite of Cassava Starch Reinforced with Deposition of Silica (SiO2) Nanoparticles. Hindawi PC, Journal of Nanomaterials, 1-9.
[7] Kiro. M. (2015). “Cellulose fibers extracted from agricultural biomass.” Scientific and Professional Journal of the Union of Textile Engineers and Technicians of Siberia. 62(4), 15-19,
[8] Aboody, M.H. (2013), Extraction of Cellulose from some Industrial and Plant Waste and its hydrolysis using new heterogeneous catalyst, M.S.thesis, College of Science University of Baghdad.1-83
[9] Singanousong, R., Tochampa, W., Kongbangkerd, T. & Sodchit, C. (2014). Extraction and Properties of Cellulose from Banana Peels. Suranaree Journal of Science and Technology. 21, 201-213.
[10] Achor, M., Oyeniyi, Y.J. & Yahaya, A. (2014). Extraction and characterization of microcrystalline cellulose obtained from the back of the fruit of Lageriana siceraria (water gourd). Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science. 4 (01), 057-060.
[11] Sajad P., Elnaz F. and Leila R (2020) Antioxidant/Antimicrobial Film Based on Carboxymethyl Cellulose/Gelatin/TiO2–Ag Nano‑Composite. Journal of Polymers and the Environment.
[12] Arezu J., Sajad P., Mir K.P. & Saber A. (2021) Biodegradable Nanocomposite Film Based on Gluten/Silica/Calcium Chloride: Physicochemical Properties and Bioactive Compounds Extraction Capacity. Journal of Polymers and the Environment 29, 2557–2571
[13] Somayeh M., Vahid R. and Sajad P. (2019) Design and fabrication of nanocomposite-based polyurethane filter for improving municipal waste water quality and removing organic pollutants Adsorption Science & Technology, 37(1–2): 95–112
[14] Fariba G., Sajad P., Mohammad Al. & Forough M. (2017) Extraction and determination of volatile organic acid concentration in pomegranate, sour cherry and red grape juices by PPy-Ag nanocomposite fiber for authentication. Separation Science and Technology,http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2017.1380668.
[15] Sara K., Leila R., Sajad P. and Mehdi G. (2020) Green extraction of bioactive compounds of pomegranate peel using Cyclodextrin and ultrasound. Main Group Chemistry, 19: 61–80
[16] Dimitrios L., Prodromos S. and Stefanos L. (2021) Technologies and Extraction Methods of Polyphenolic Compounds Derived from Pomegranate (Punica granatum) Peels A Mini Review. Processes, 9, 236.
[17] Ali J., Sajad P. and Morteza B. (2017) Synthesis and characterization of magnetic nanocomposites based on Hydrogel-Fe3O4 and application to remove of organic dye from waste water. Main Group Chemistry, 16 85–94
[18] Sajad P. and Farrokh A. (2021) Synthesis of Fe3O4 /SiO2 /Polypyrrole magnetic nanocomposite polymer powder: Investigation of structural properties and ability  to purify of edible sea salts. Advanced Powder Technology, 32(4): 1233-1246
[19] Kamaruzzaman, S., Aris, N.I.F., Yahaya, N., Hong, L.S. & Razak, M.R., (2017). Removal of Cu and Cd Ions from Environmental water samples by using Cellulose acetate membrane. Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry. 4(4), 1-8.
[20] Abbakar, M.A. & Elsheikh, M.T. (2015), Investigation of α-Cellulose Local Sources        for the Production of Nitrocellulose, International Journal of Sciences, Khartoum, Sudan, 19, 35-50.
[21] Kopania, E., Wietecha, J. & Ciechańska, D. (2006). Studies
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
       on Isolation of Cellulose Fibres from Waste Plant Biomass. Instytut Biopolimers and Chemical Fibres. 20, 6B (96), 167-172.
[22] Missoum, K., Belgacem, M.N. & Bra, J. (2013). Nanofibrillated Cellulose Surface Modification. Material, 6, 1745-1766.
[23] Kontturi,E. (2015). “Cellulose: Chemical Modification”, Lecture CHEM-E2140, School of chemical Technology, Aalto University.
[24] Laxmeshwar, S.S., Viveka, S., Kumar, M., D.J. & Nagaraja, G.K. (2012). Preparation and properties of composite films from modified cellulose fibre-reinforced with PLA. Der Pharma.Chemica. 4(1), 159-168.
[25] Junka, K., Filpponen, I., Johansson, L.S., Kontturi, E., Rojas,O.J. & Laine, J. (2014). A method for the heterogeneous modification of nanofibrillar cellulose in aqueous media. Carbohydrate Polymers, Elsevier. 107–115.
[26]  Garcia, R. & Baez A. P. (2012). Atomic Adsorption Spectrometry (AAS).In Tech. Global Acetate Manufacturers Association      GAMA (2017). Cellulose Acetate Polymer
[27] Bouhdadi, R., Benhadi, S, Molina, S., George, B., El Moussauiti, M. & Merlin, A.       (2011). Chemical Modification of Cellulose by Acetylation: Application to adsorption of methylene blue. Maderas.
[28] Avérous, L. & Le Digabel, F. (2006). Properties of Biocomposites Based on Lignocellulose Fillers. Carbohydrate Polymers, Elsevier, 1-14
Ciencia y Technologia. 13(1), 105-116.
[29] Brydson, J.A. (1999). Plastic Materials- Cellulose Plastics. 7th      Edition,             pp. 613-634.
[30] Kalia, S., Dufresne, A., Cherian, B.M., Kaith, B.S., Avérous L., Njuguna J., & Nassiopoulos, E. (2011). Cellulose based biocomposites and nanocomposites. International Journal of Polymer Science. 1-30
[31] Patel, S.H., & Patel, H. N. (1989). Cellulose Acetate. Interplex India Private Limited, http://www.interplexindia.com/aca.htm
[32] Olaru, N., Olaru, L., Vasile, C. & Ander, P. (2011). Surface modified cellulose obtained by acetylation without solvents of bleached and unbleached kraft pulp. Polimery, 56, 834-840.
[33] Zargar B., Parham H. & Shiralipour R. (2017), Removal of Pb and Cd ions from contaminated water by dithizone-modified cellulose acetate nanosponges. Journal of Materials and Environmental Sciences, 8(3), 1039-1045.
[34] Yang J., Kubota F., Baba Y., Kamiya N., Goto M. (2014) “Application of cellulose           acetate to the selective adsorption and recovery of Au(III)”. Carbohydrate polymers.Vol:111,pp: 768-774
Chemical Review and Letters
Volume 4, Issue 4 - Serial Number 4
August 2021
Pages 239-244

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 26 June 2021
  • Revise Date: 10 September 2021
  • Accept Date: 12 September 2021

Share

How to cite

Statistics